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Thymosin Alpha-1 studies

836 journal papers mention Thymosin Alpha-1 in the title or abstract. Here are the most cited, the latest, and a few facts about the literature.

Studies range from laboratory work to clinical trials. A paper listed here is not an endorsement and says nothing about whether Thymosin Alpha-1 is safe, effective or approved for any use.

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Papers
836
779 articles, 57 reviews
Earliest paper
1979
Most papers in 2026 (37)
Open access
37%
free to read somewhere
Reviews
7%
of all papers listed

What kind of studies

Of 888 papers in PubMed that mention Thymosin Alpha-1 in the title or abstract, by the study type PubMed records. Categories overlap, so they do not add up to the total.

  • Randomized controlled trials64
  • Other clinical trials27
  • Meta-analyses and systematic reviews25
  • Other reviews138
  • Case reports22
  • Animal studies only237
  • Studies in humans544

Study types are tags assigned by publishers and PubMed indexers; very new papers are often not tagged yet, and a tag is not a quality rating. Retracted papers are excluded. Source: PubMed (NCBI).

Registered clinical studies

Studies on ClinicalTrials.gov that mention Thymosin Alpha-1 in their intervention details. A registration says a study is planned or running, not what it found.

Registered
69
Completed
25
Ongoing or planned
20
Phase 1
7
Phase 2
34
Phase 3
9
  1. Thymalfasin Combined With Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy in TNBC Neoadjuvant Treatment

    NCT07884201Not yet recruitingPhase 2started 2026-11-08

  2. Thymosin-α1 for Recurrent Implantation Failure

    NCT07675980RecruitingPhase 2 / Phase 3started 2026-02-11

  3. Thymalfasin for Immune Recovery in Adults With Sepsis

    NCT07866118Recruitingstarted 2026-10-06

  4. Protective Effect of Thymosin α1 Against Negative Immune Dysregulation and Organ Dysfunction After Acute Aortic Dissection Surgery (PANDA II)

    NCT05339529Completedstarted 2022-07-01

  5. Study of Adebrelimab Combined With Thymalfasin and Chemotherapy for Neoadjuvant Treatment of Esophageal Cancer

    NCT07780721Not yet recruitingPhase 2started 2026-08-30

The five most recently updated studies. See all 69 on ClinicalTrials.gov. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov (U.S. National Library of Medicine). Studies are found by the compound's name, so a few may be about something else.

Papers per year

1997 to 2026, peak 37 papers in a year. The latest year may still be incomplete.

1997: 12 papers1998: 12 papers1999: 9 papers2000: 13 papers2001: 10 papers2002: 11 papers2003: 13 papers2004: 18 papers2005: 15 papers2006: 12 papers2007: 21 papers2008: 19 papers2009: 11 papers2010: 20 papers2011: 11 papers2012: 15 papers2013: 14 papers2014: 6 papers2015: 18 papers2016: 18 papers2017: 24 papers2018: 30 papers2019: 18 papers2020: 27 papers2021: 22 papers2022: 19 papers2023: 29 papers2024: 21 papers2025: 37 papers2026: 37 papers19972026

Where it is published

  1. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences32 papers
  2. International Journal of Immunopharmacology27 papers
  3. International Immunopharmacology26 papers
  4. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology14 papers
  5. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy14 papers

The papers

ShowAllOpen accessReviews

Most citedName in the title

  1. Prothymosin alpha: isolation and properties of the major immunoreactive form of thymosin alpha 1 in rat thymus.

    A.A. Haritos, Gregory J. Goodall, B.L. Horecker · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 1984

    Animal studyOpen access182 citationsRead the open copy →

  2. Thymosin α1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance

    Luigina R. Romani, Francesco Bistoni, Katia Perruccio et al. · Blood · 2006

    Study in humansOpen access171 citationsRead the open copy →

  3. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells

    Yueping Liu, Yue Pan, Zhenhong Hu et al. · Clinical Infectious Diseases · 2020

    Study in humansOpen access152 citationsRead the open copy →

  4. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial

    Jianfeng Wu, Lixin Zhou, Jiyun Liu et al. · Critical Care · 2013

    Randomized trialOpen access · CC BY122 citationsRead the open copy →

  5. Thymosin α1 represents a potential potent single-molecule-based therapy for cystic fibrosis

    Luigina R. Romani, Vasileios Oikonomou, Silvia Moretti et al. · Nature Medicine · 2017

    Study in humansOpen access105 citationsRead the open copy →

  6. Combination therapy with thymosin α1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: A randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial†

    Kenneth E. Sherman, Maria H. Sjögren, Creager Rl et al. · Hepatology · 1998

    Randomized trialOpen access84 citationsRead the open copy →

  7. Prothymosin α Is Processed to Thymosin α1 and Thymosin α11 by a Lysosomal Asparaginyl Endopeptidase

    Concepción S. Sarandeses, Guillermo Covelo, Cristina Dı́az-Jullien et al. · Journal of Biological Chemistry · 2003

    Study in humansOpen access · CC BY73 citationsRead the open copy →

  8. Thymosin α1 reverses oncolytic adenovirus-induced M2 polarization of macrophages to improve antitumor immunity and therapeutic efficacy

    Kua Liu, Lingkai Kong, Huawei Cui et al. · Cell Reports Medicine · 2024

    Study in humansOpen access · CC BY-NC-ND68 citationsRead the open copy →

  9. A Randomized Controlled Trial of Thymosin–α1 Versus Interferon Alfa Treatment in Patients With Hepatitis B E Antigen Antibody—And Hepatitis B Virus Dna—Positive Chronic Hepatitis B

    Pietro Andreoné, Carmela Cursaro, Annagiulia Gramenzi et al. · Hepatology · 1996

    Randomized trialOpen access67 citationsRead the open copy →

  10. Human immunodeficiency virus contains an epitope immunoreactive with thymosin alpha 1 and the 30-amino acid synthetic p17 group-specific antigen peptide HGP-30.

    Paul H. Naylor, Cartha W. Naylor, M. Badamchian et al. · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · 1987

    Study in humansOpen access66 citationsRead the open copy →

  11. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature

    Asimina Dominari, Donald Hathaway, Krunal Balvantbhai Pandav et al. · World Journal of Virology · 2020

    ReviewOpen access · CC BY-NC65 citationsRead the open copy →

  12. Modulation of natural killer activity by thymosin alpha 1 and interferon

    Cartesio Favalli, Teresa Jezzi, Antonio Mastino et al. · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · 1985

    Animal studyOpen access63 citationsRead the open copy →

  13. Activation of IKK by thymosin α1 requires the TRAF6 signalling pathway

    Ping Zhang, Justin Chan, Ana‐Maria Dragoi et al. · EMBO Reports · 2005

    Animal studyOpen access62 citationsRead the open copy →

  14. Melatonin is responsible for the nocturnal increase observed in serum and thymus of thymosin α1 and thymulin concentrations: observations in rats and humans

    Patrocinio Molinero, Mohammed Soutto, Soledad Benot et al. · Journal of Neuroimmunology · 2000

    Clinical trialOpen access · CC BY62 citationsRead the open copy →

  15. Thymosin alpha 1: Biological activities, applications and genetic engineering production

    Juan Li, Chun Hui Liu, Feng Shan Wang · Peptides · 2010

    Animal studyOpen access59 citationsRead the open copy →

  16. Thymosin α1 treatment of chronic hepatitis B: results of a phase III multicentre, randomized, double‐blind and placebo‐controlled study

    Milton G. Mutchnick, Karen L. Lindsay, Eugene R. Schiff et al. · Journal of Viral Hepatitis · 1999

    Randomized trial · Phase 3Open access58 citationsRead the open copy →

  17. Jack of all trades: thymosin α1 and its pleiotropy

    Luigina R. Romani, Silvia Moretti, Francesca Fallarino et al. · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2012

    ReviewOpen access54 citationsRead the open copy →

  18. Combination treatment using thymosin α1 and interferon after cyclophosphamide is able to cure Lewis lung carcinoma in mice

    Enrico Garaci, Antonio Mastino, Francesca Pica et al. · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · 1990

    Animal studyOpen access54 citationsRead the open copy →

  19. Thymosin α1 therapy in critically ill patients with COVID-19: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

    Ming Ting Wu, Jing-Jing Ji, Li Zhong et al. · International Immunopharmacology · 2020

    Study in humansOpen access52 citationsRead the open copy →

  20. The efficacy of thymosin α1 as immunomodulatory treatment for sepsis: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

    Fang Liu, Hongmei Wang, Tiansheng Wang et al. · BMC Infectious Diseases · 2016

    Meta-analysisOpen access · CC BY52 citationsRead the open copy →

  21. Thymosin α1 Stimulates Endothelial Cell Migration, Angiogenesis, and Wound Healing

    Katherine M. Malinda, Gurmel S. Sidhu, Krishna K. Banaudha et al. · The Journal of Immunology · 1998

    Open access52 citationsRead the open copy →

LatestName in title or abstract

  1. Clinical Applications and Evidence Landscape of Thymosin Alpha 1 as an Immunomodulatory Adjunct in Cancer Care: A Scoping Review

    Soo-Dam Kim, Kyu Ri Kim, Dong-Hyeon Kim et al. · Pharmaceuticals · 2026

    ReviewOpen access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  2. Efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 combined with chemotherapy for gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

    Zekun Wang, Tao Sun, Haoran Qu et al. · Frontiers in Immunology · 2026

    Meta-analysisOpen access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  3. Periodontal and Dental Outcomes of Regenerative Techniques Used in Intentional Replantation

    Nabeel Ayappali Kalluvalappil, R. Saravana Kumar, Tamer Hamed Hassan · Dubai Medical Journal · 2026

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  4. Thymosin-ɑ1 for people with chronic hepatitis B

    Cho Min Naing, Han Ni, Htar Htar Aung et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2026

    Meta-analysisOpen accessRead the open copy →

  5. Thymosin Alpha‐1 Provides Direct Neuroprotection by Engaging the Orexin Receptor HCRTR1 to Suppress Neuronal Necroptosis

    Xinmei Kang, Shisi Wang, Liubin Zhang et al. · Advanced Science · 2026

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  6. Personalized Use of Cytokine Immunomodulators in Immunodeficiency Conditions of Various Etiology

    Svetlana Yu Kaushanskaya, A.E. Sarbasova, Yu. D. Udalov · A I Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center Clinical Bulletin · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  7. Successful combined polychemotherapy and cytokine-genetic therapy in the treatment of cecal tumor (a case report)

    Amir M. Ben Ammar, Заркуа Владимир Тамазиевич · Лечащий врач · 2026

    Open access · CC BY-NC-NDRead the open copy →

  8. Thymosin-α-1 plasma levels measured after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection are associated with the severity of infection

    Israel Olivas‐Martínez, Miguel Genebat, Ángel Bulnes‐Ramos et al. · Scientific Reports · 2026

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  9. Association between thymosin α1 therapy and 28-day mortality risk in critically ill patients with tuberculosis-related sepsis: a retrospective cohort study

    Tingting Wang, Shun Tan, Qiang Gao et al. · BMC Infectious Diseases · 2026

    Open access · CC BY-NC-NDRead the open copy →

  10. Methodological Considerations in Interpreting IL‐15 Plus Thymosin α1 Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

    Sandeep Kumar, Muhammad Muzamil Shaikh · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  11. Comments on IL‐15 Plus Thymosin α1 Reduces Senescent Hepatic CD8+ T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via PI3K/AKT Suppression

    Waqar Ullah, Komal Ashok, Muhammad Jawad et al. · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  12. Role of thymosin alpha-1 in improving pregnancy outcomes in patients with implantation failure

    K. S. Jeyarani Kamaraj, Prathmesh Parekh, Rajeev Agarwal · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  13. Thymosin α1 Augments CD8⁺ T-Cell Activation and Reverses Exhaustion In Vitro

    Smriti Mishra, Gaurang Telang, Anurag Sureshbabu et al. · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · 2026

    Study in humansOpen access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  14. Mechanisms and intervention strategies for thymic involution and T cell senescence

    Yan Liu, Xiao-na QIAO1, Huiyuan Zhang et al. · Shengming kexue · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  15. Thymosin α1 combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors: synergistic remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment to enhance clinical efficacy and safety

    Haiyv Guo, Ruichao Li · Frontiers in Immunology · 2026

    ReviewOpen access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  16. A prospective clinical study on the effectiveness of Phellinus igniarius decoction in treating immune dysfunction in colorectal cancer patients following chemfotherapy

    Huihui Zhang, Weihang Li, Die Hu et al. · Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine · 2026

    Open access · CC BY-NC-ND1 citationsRead the open copy →

  17. Comparative efficacy and safety of immunomodulatory therapies for sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

    Rong Luo, Shunyao Xu, Yuehua Chen et al. · Frontiers in Medicine · 2026

    Systematic reviewOpen access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  18. PRaG5.0 combined with chemotherapy and sequential chemoimmunotherapy for massive SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumor of the cervix: case report

    Zixin Li, Xuezhou Pang, Zhongyao Wang et al. · Frontiers in Immunology · 2026

    Case reportOpen access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  19. Clinical impact of thymosin alpha 1 as an adjuvant in enhancing frozen embryo transfer outcomes: a self-controlled study

    Preethi S. P., Kundavi Shankar, Geetha Veerasigamani et al. · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  20. Preliminary results from a phase II trial of spatially fractionated radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic therapy in patients with bulky solid tumors: early evidence of promising efficacy and favorable safety

    Yuntao Zhou, Yanwei Li, Hui Zhu et al. · Radiation Oncology · 2026

    Randomized trial · Phase 2Open access · CC BY-NC-ND2 citationsRead the open copy →

  21. Recombinant tumor necrosis factor-thymosin-α1 in combination with polychemotherapy in a patient with pancreatic cancer (case report)

    Amir M. Ben Ammar, Заркуа Владимир Тамазиевич, S.V. Umarova et al. · Лечащий врач · 2026

    Open access · CC BY-NC-NDRead the open copy →

  22. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THYMOSIN ALPHA-1 IN IMPROVING IVF OUTCOMES

    Sneha Das, Anoop Gupta, Aastha Gupta · GLOBAL JOURNAL FOR RESEARCH ANALYSIS · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  23. Efficacy of thymosin alpha-1 as an immunomodulatory adjuvant in patients with recurrent implantation failure: a real-world retrospective analysis

    Ranjit Joshi, Sheetal Yogesh Patil, Sachin Gawale et al. · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  24. IL‐15 Plus Thymosin α1 Reduces Senescent Hepatic CD8 + T Cells in Hepatocellular Carcinoma via PI3K/AKT Suppression

    Fengtian Wu, Zixuan Guo, Jun Guan et al. · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · 2026

    Study in humansOpen access · CC BY-NC4 citationsRead the open copy →

  25. Thymosin α1-induced secretion of the IL-15/RA complex by THP-1-derived dendritic cells restrains HIV latency in vitro

    Chaoyu Chen, Jingna Xun, JIANGRONG WANG et al. · Virulence · 2026

    Study in humansOpen access · CC BY-NC-SARead the open copy →

  26. Thymalfasin combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective study on efficacy, safety, and immunological function

    Peipei Wang, Xiaojing Zhang, Cheng Xiang et al. · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · 2026

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  27. Thymosin α1 improves the outcomes of patients with hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure by restoring immune balance

    Zhi-hui Li, Li-li Wu, Yuan-qiang Zhu et al. · Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology · 2026

    Randomized trialOpen access · CC BY1 citationsRead the open copy →

  28. Dual and Triple Immunomodulatory Protocols for Recurrent Implantation Failure in Endometriosis and Adenomyosis: Clinical Outcomes and Safety Profile

    Neeraj Munjal Pahlajani, S Janardhanan · International Journal of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology · 2026

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  29. Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trial

    Hao Xu, Fengyuan Li, Bingyan Li et al. · BMC Medicine · 2026

    Clinical trial · Phase 2Open access · CC BY1 citationsRead the open copy →

  30. A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune‐Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha‐1

    Ting Li, Bao‐Liang Wu, Cai‐Long Yu et al. · Clinical Case Reports · 2026

    Open access · CC BY2 citationsRead the open copy →

  31. P-30. Thymosin-α1 for Sepsis Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 1972 Patients

    J. Aldair Pantoja González, Alan Alejandro A Aparicio Osorio, Iojana Cruz Coba et al. · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · 2026

    ReviewOpen access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  32. Thymosin α1 Combined with PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Plus Chemotherapy in Platinum-Resistant Recurrent Ovarian Cancer : A Retrospective Analysis

    Hong Wang, Lixia Wang, Heqing Zhong et al. · Cancer Management and Research · 2025

    Open access · CC BY-NC2 citationsRead the open copy →

  33. 441eP Thymosin alpha 1 synergized apoptosome promotes antitumor immunity by activating TLR7 in dendritic cells

    J. Chen · Immuno-Oncology Technology · 2025

    Open access · CC BY-NC-NDRead the open copy →

  34. Effects of Adjunctive Thymosin Alpha 1 on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-Associated Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis

    Cong Lyu, Haiyan Pan, Haipeng Lu · Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology · 2025

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

Each list shows up to 40 papers.See all 836 on OpenAlex. Source: OpenAlex (CC0), journal articles and reviews with a DOI, retractions excluded, refreshed weekly, last 4 Nov 2026, 08:26 UTC. Papers are listed by their metadata only; follow the links to read them. A license shown on an open copy is the license the publisher or repository states for that copy.