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Neuro & cognitive

Selank studies

122 journal papers mention Selank in the title or abstract. Here are the most cited, the latest, and a few facts about the literature.

Studies range from laboratory work to clinical trials. A paper listed here is not an endorsement and says nothing about whether Selank is safe, effective or approved for any use.

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Papers
122
121 articles, 1 reviews
Earliest paper
2001
Most papers in 2020 (14)
Open access
40%
free to read somewhere
Reviews
1%
of all papers listed

What kind of studies

Of 68 papers in PubMed that mention Selank in the title or abstract, by the study type PubMed records. Categories overlap, so they do not add up to the total.

  • Randomized controlled trials2
  • Other clinical trials1
  • Meta-analyses and systematic reviews0
  • Other reviews3
  • Case reports0
  • Animal studies only49
  • Studies in humans15

Study types are tags assigned by publishers and PubMed indexers; very new papers are often not tagged yet, and a tag is not a quality rating. Retracted papers are excluded. Source: PubMed (NCBI).

Papers per year

2001 to 2026, peak 14 papers in a year. The latest year may still be incomplete.

2001: 2 papers2002: 1 papers2003: 2 papers2004: 3 papers2005: 5 papers2006: 4 papers2007: 2 papers2008: 4 papers2009: 0 papers2010: 2 papers2011: 2 papers2012: 1 papers2013: 5 papers2014: 10 papers2015: 0 papers2016: 4 papers2017: 10 papers2018: 3 papers2019: 14 papers2020: 14 papers2021: 8 papers2022: 6 papers2023: 5 papers2024: 3 papers2025: 9 papers2026: 3 papers20012026

Where it is published

  1. Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine18 papers
  2. Neurochemical Journal9 papers
  3. European Neuropsychopharmacology6 papers
  4. Doklady Biological Sciences6 papers
  5. Человек и его здоровье6 papers

The papers

Most citedName in the title

  1. Sedative‐Hypnotic Agents That Impact Gamma‐Aminobutyric Acid Receptors: Focus on Flunitrazepam, Gamma‐Hydroxybutyric Acid, Phenibut, and Selank

    Cassandra R. Doyno, Charles Michael White · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2021

    Study in humansOpen access24 citationsRead the open copy →

  2. Selank Administration Affects the Expression of Some Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission

    Anastasiya Volkova, Maria I. Shadrina, Timur A. Kolomin et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology · 2016

    Open access · CC BY20 citationsRead the open copy →

  3. Selank and Short Peptides of the Tuftsin Family in the Regulation of Adaptive Behavior in Stress

    Marina M. Kozlovskaya, И. И. Козловский, Елена Артуровна Вальдман et al. · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · 2003

    Animal study19 citations

  4. The Inhibitory Effect of Selank on Enkephalin-Degrading Enzymes as a Possible Mechanism of Its Anxiolytic Activity

    A. A. Zozulya, Н. В. Кост, Oleg Yu. Sokolov et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2001

    Study in humans15 citations

  5. Selank, Peptide Analogue of Tuftsin, Protects Against Ethanol-Induced Memory Impairment by Regulating of BDNF Content in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex in Rats

    Л. Г. Колик, Анна Владимировна Надорова, Т. А. Антипова et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2019

    Animal study13 citations

  6. Peptide-based Anxiolytics: The Molecular Aspects of Heptapeptide Selank Biological Activity

    T. V. V’yunova, Л. А. Андреева, Konstantin Shevchenko et al. · Protein and Peptide Letters · 2018

    Animal study13 citations

  7. Comparison of anticoagulant effects of regulatory proline-containing oligopeptides. Specificity of glyprolines, semax, and selank and potential for their practical application

    L. A. Lyapina, V. E. Pastorova, T. Yu. Obergan et al. · Biology Bulletin · 2006

    Review13 citations

  8. Morphological Changes in the Large Intestine of Rats Subjected to Chronic Restraint Stress and Treated with Selank

    Александра Юрьевна Мухина, Ekaterina S. Mishina, Игорь Иванович Бобынцев et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2020

    Animal study12 citations

  9. Effects of Selank on Behavioral Reactions and Activities of Plasma Enkephalin-Degrading Enzymes in Mice with Different Phenotypes of Emotional and Stress Reactions

    Oleg Yu. Sokolov, V. K. Meshavkin, Н. В. Кост et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2002

    Study in humans12 citations

  10. GABA, Selank, and Olanzapine Affect the Expression of Genes Involved in GABAergic Neurotransmission in IMR-32 Cells

    Elena V. Filatova, Anastasiya Kasian, Timur A. Kolomin et al. · Frontiers in Pharmacology · 2017

    Open access · CC BY11 citationsRead the open copy →

  11. Expression of inflammation-related genes in mouse spleen under tuftsin analog Selank

    Timur A. Kolomin, Maria I. Shadrina, Л. А. Андреева et al. · Regulatory Peptides · 2011

    Animal study11 citations

  12. The Optimizing Action of the Synthetic Peptide Selank on a Conditioned Active Avoidance Reflex in Rats

    И. И. Козловский, N Danchev · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · 2003

    Animal study11 citations

  13. Semax and Selank Inhibit the Enkephalin-Degrading Enzymes of Human Serum

    Н. В. Кост, Oleg Yu. Sokolov, Marina V. Gabaeva et al. · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry · 2001

    Study in humans11 citations

  14. Peptide Selank Enhances the Effect of Diazepam in Reducing Anxiety in Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Conditions in Rats

    Anastasiya Kasian, Timur A. Kolomin, Л. А. Андреева et al. · Behavioural Neurology · 2017

    Animal studyOpen access · CC BY10 citationsRead the open copy →

  15. The temporary dynamics of inflammation-related genes expression under tuftsin analog Selank action

    Timur A. Kolomin, Marina Morozova, Anastasiya Volkova et al. · Molecular Immunology · 2013

    Animal study10 citations

  16. State of Colon Microbiota in Rats during Chronic Restraint Stress and Selank Treatment

    Александра Юрьевна Мухина, О. А. Медведева, Maria V. Svishcheva et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2019

    Animal study9 citations

  17. Efficacy of Peptide Anxiolytic Selank during Modeling of Withdrawal Syndrome in Rats with Stable Alcoholic Motivation

    Л. Г. Колик, Анна Владимировна Надорова, Marina M. Kozlovskaya · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2014

    Animal study9 citations

  18. Antiviral properties of structural fragments of the peptide Selank

    Л. А. Андреева, Igor Yu Nagaev, Marina V. Mezentseva et al. · Doklady Biological Sciences · 2010

    Study in humans9 citations

  19. The relationship between the anxiolytic action of selank and the level of serotonin in brain structures during the modeling of alcohol abstinence in rats

    Анна Владимировна Надорова, Л. Г. Колик, Клодт Петр Михайлович et al. · Neurochemical Journal · 2014

    8 citations

  20. Transcriptomic response of rat hippocampus and spleen cells to single and chronic administration of the peptide selank

    Timur A. Kolomin, Maria I. Shadrina, Ya. V. Agniullin et al. · Doklady Biochemistry and Biophysics · 2010

    Animal study8 citations

  21. Leu-Enkephalin Generally Labeled with Tritium in Studying the Selank Inhibiting Effect on the Enkephalin-Degrading Enzymes of Human Blood Plasma

    Yu. A. Zolotarev, Oleg Yu. Sokolov, Н. В. Кост et al. · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry · 2004

    Study in humans8 citations

  22. Peptides semax and selank affect the behavior of rats with 6-OHDA induced PD-like parkinsonism

    Petr A. Slominsky, Maria I. Shadrina, Timur A. Kolomin et al. · Doklady Biological Sciences · 2017

    Animal study7 citations

  23. Changes in expression of the genes for chemokines, cytokines, and their receptors in response to selank and its fragments

    Timur A. Kolomin, Maria I. Shadrina, Petr A. Slominsky et al. · Russian Journal of Genetics · 2011

    Animal study7 citations

  24. Seasonal effects of Selank on the behavior of hibernating animals

    Т. П. Семенова, Marina M. Kozlovskaya, A. V. Zuikov et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2005

    Animal study7 citations

  25. Predominance of Nootropic or Anxiolytic Effects of Selank, Semax, and Noopept Peptides Depending on the Route of Administration to BALB/c and С57BL/6 Mice

    Екатерина Валерьевна Васильева, Е. А. Кондрахин, Алия Анвяровна Абдуллина et al. · Neurochemical Journal · 2020

    6 citations

  26. EFFECTS OF PEPTIDE SELANK ON OXIDATIVE STRESS IN THE BRAIN AND THIN INTESTINE OF WHITE RATS ON EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

    M. Yu. Fleyshman, I. V. Tolstenok, A. A. Innokent’ev · Сибирский научный медицинский журнал · 2019

    Open access · CC BY6 citationsRead the open copy →

  27. Use of Selank to correct measures of integrative brain activity and biogenic amine levels in adult rats resulting from Antenatal Hypoxia

    Т. П. Семенова, Marina M. Kozlovskaya, A. V. Zuikov et al. · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · 2008

    Animal study6 citations

  28. Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects

    Yana R. Panikratova, И. С. Лебедева, Oleg Yu. Sokolov et al. · Doklady Biological Sciences · 2020

    Study in humans5 citations

  29. Intranasal administration of the peptide Selank regulates BDNF expression in the rat hippocampus in vivo

    Ludmila S. Inozemtseva, Ekaterina A. Karpenko, Oleg V. Dolotov et al. · Doklady Biological Sciences · 2008

    Animal study5 citations

  30. Compensatory and antiamnestic effects of heptapeptide Selank in monkeys

    T. N. Sollertinskaya, M. V. Shorokhov, Marina M. Kozlovskaya et al. · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · 2008

    5 citations

  31. Selank and its metabolites maintain homeostasis in the gastric mucosa

    Tengis S. Pavlov, Г. Е. Самонина, Бакаева Занда Валериевна et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2007

    Animal study5 citations

  32. Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats

    M. A. Konstantinopolsky, I. V. Chernyakova, Л. Г. Колик · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2022

    Animal study4 citations

  33. Physiological Effects of Selank and Its Fragments

    Svetlana Viktorovna Koroleva, N. F. Mjasoedov · Biology Bulletin · 2019

    4 citations

  34. Effect of Selank on Morphological Parameters of Rat Liver in Chronic Foot-Shock Stress

    E. V. Fomenko, Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, А. В. Иванов et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2019

    Animal study4 citations

  35. Effect of selank on cognitive processes after damage inflicted to the cerebral catecholamine system during early ontogeny

    Т. П. Семенова, Marina M. Kozlovskaya, Nadezhda M. Zakharova et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2007

    Animal study4 citations

  36. Naloxone-blocked depriming effect of anxiolytic selank on apomorphine-induced behavioral manifestations of hyperfunction of dopamine system

    V. K. Meshavkin, Н. В. Кост, Oleg Yu. Sokolov et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2006

    Animal study4 citations

  37. The Influence of Selank on the Level of Cytokines Under the Conditions of “Social” Stress

    Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, Samotrueva M. Aleksandrovna, Tsibizova A. Aleksandrovna et al. · Current Clinical Pharmacology · 2020

    Animal study3 citations

  38. New possibilities for potentiating the effects of antidepressants of the group of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors by the regulatory peptide Selank in the treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders

    В.А. Вербенко, T. Shakina · Vrach · 2019

    3 citations

  39. Effect of Selank on Functional State of Rat Hepatocytes under Conditions of Restraint Stress

    E. V. Fomenko, Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Alexey A. Kryukov et al. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2017

    Animal study3 citations

  40. Effect of selank on the main carboxypeptidases in the rat nervous tissue

    B. V. Solov’ev, М. Т. Генгин, T. N. Sollertinskaya et al. · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · 2012

    Animal study3 citations

LatestName in title or abstract

  1. Peptide-mediated correction of cytokine imbalance in the rat hippocampus induced by social stress

    Вероника Хамидуллаевна Мурталиева, Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, М. А. Самотруева et al. · CASPIANJOURNALOF MEDICINE AND PHARMACY · 2026

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  2. Transcriptomic Effects of Peptide Drug Selank during Early Experimental Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

    Ivan B. Filippenkov, Yana Yu. Shpetko, V. V. Stavchansky et al. · Molecular Biology · 2026

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  3. Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions

    Omar F. Rahman, Steven J. Lee, William A. Seeds · JAAOS Global Research and Reviews · 2026

    ReviewOpen access · CC BY-NC-ND5 citationsRead the open copy →

  4. I.P. Ashmarin and the Study of Neurotropic Activity of Regulatory Peptides

    N. G. Levitskaya, N. Yu. Sarycheva, O.G. Voskresenskaya et al. · Neurochemical Journal · 2025

  5. Combined Action of Benzodiazepine Tranquilizers and Peptide Anxiolytic Selank in BALB/с Mice

    Н. В. Кост, Oleg Yu. Sokolov, Svetlana A. Zozulya et al. · Neurochemical Journal · 2025

  6. Regulation of Primary Hemostasis by Peptides with Neuroprotective Effect

    L. A. Lyapina, M. E. Grigorjeva, Т. А. Шубина et al. · Neurochemical Journal · 2025

  7. Modulation of the Surgical Stress Response in the Early Postoperative Period After Radical Nephrectomy as the Core of the Nephroprotective Strategy

    Igor Sergeevich Shormanov, Maxim V. Kosenko, Щедров Дмитрий Николаевич et al. · Innovative medicine of Kuban · 2025

    Open access · CC BY-NCRead the open copy →

  8. Psychosomatic features of anxiety and depressive disorders

    В.А. Вербенко, A. Dvirsky, A. Soldatenko · Vrach · 2025

    3 citations

  9. Comparison of the effects of three glyprolines after five days of intraperitoneal administration

    Anna A. Kolesnikova, Marina Yu. Fleishman, Yu. B. Malofey et al. · Сибирский научный медицинский журнал · 2025

    Open access · CC BY2 citationsRead the open copy →

  10. Combined Action of Benzodiazepine Tranquiizers and the Peptide Anxiolytic Selank on BALB/с Mice

    Н. В. Кост, Oleg Yu. Sokolov, Svetlana A. Zozulya et al. · Нейрохимия · 2025

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  11. Regulation of Primary Hemostasis by Peptides with Neuroprotective Effect

    L. A. Lyapina, M. E. Grigorjeva, Т. А. Шубина et al. · Нейрохимия · 2025

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  12. I.P. Ashmarin and Works on the Study of Neurotropic Activity of Regulatory Peptides

    N. G. Levitskaya, N. Yu. Sarycheva, O.G. Voskresenskaya et al. · Нейрохимия · 2025

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  13. Role of Semax and Selank neuropeptides in modulating cell-mediated immunity in the setting of skin burn injury

    Альфия Кадыровна Ажикова, М. А. Самотруева, Л. А. Андреева et al. · RUDN Journal of Medicine · 2024

    Open access · CC BY-NCRead the open copy →

  14. Selank Peptide Causes Changes in Gene Expression in the Hippocampus of Rats in the Early Hours after Acute Restraint Stress

    Ivan B. Filippenkov, Nataliya Yu. Glazova, Elena A. Sebentsova et al. · Nanobiotechnology Reports · 2024

    2 citations

  15. POST-COVID SYNDROME, POSSIBILITIES FOR THERAPY OF ASTHENIC DISORDERS WITH SELANK

    M. Pogodina, Елена Борисовна Никифорова · Vrach · 2024

  16. Common and Specific Effects of Selank, Noopept, and Semax on the Glycine Site of the NMDA Receptor in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 Mice Brains

    Екатерина Валерьевна Васильева, Алия Анвяровна Абдуллина, Georgy I. Kovalev · Neurochemical Journal · 2023

  17. Changes in Expression of Chemokines, Cytokines and their Receptors under the Action of Selank and its Fragments

    Timur A. Kolomin, P. Mikhalskaia, A.D. Sedelnikova · Journal of Clinical Physiology and Pathology. · 2023

    Open access2 citationsRead the open copy →

  18. Common and Specific Effects of Selank, Noopept, and Semax to Glycine Site of the NMDA Receptor in BALB/c and C57Bl/6 Mice Brain

    Georgy I. Kovalev, Екатерина Валерьевна Васильева, Алия Анвяровна Абдуллина · Нейрохимия · 2023

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  19. Transcriptomic reaction of the rat hippocampus and spleen to singular and course injection of selank peptide

    Timur A. Kolomin, Maria I. Shadrina, Dan Grosu · Journal of Clinical Physiology and Pathology. · 2023

    Open accessRead the open copy →

  20. State of nervous system functions of Wistar rats when using peptide taftsin-PGP (selank) in restraint stress

    Игорь Иванович Бобынцев, Кривошлыкова Марина Сергеевна, О. А. Медведева et al. · Человек и его здоровье · 2023

    Open access · CC BY2 citationsRead the open copy →

  21. Selank, a Peptide Analog of Tuftsin, Attenuates Aversive Signs of Morphine Withdrawal in Rats

    M. A. Konstantinopolsky, I. V. Chernyakova, Л. Г. Колик · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2022

    Animal study4 citations

  22. Selank effects on morphine-induced analgesia in vivo experiments

    Анна Владимировна Надорова, I. V. Chernyakova, Л. Г. Колик · Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics · 2022

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  23. Effect of glyprolins on white blood cell parameters and phagocytic activity of neutrophils in conditions of experimental hyperthyroidism

    Mariyam U. Sergalieva, A.A. Tsybizova, Л. А. Андреева et al. · Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy · 2022

    Open access · CC BY-NC-ND2 citationsRead the open copy →

  24. Evaluating Some Parameters Of Wistar Rat Brain In Traumatic Brain Injury Model With Administration Of Proline-Containing Peptides

    Anna A. Kolesnikova, Marina Yu. Fleishman, Yu. B. Malofey et al. · Russian Open Medical Journal · 2022

    Open access · CC BY-NCRead the open copy →

  25. The peptide analog of tuftsin selank attenuates the aversive signs of morphine withdrawal in rats

    M. A. Konstantinopolsky, I. V. Chernyakova, Л. Г. Колик · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2022

  26. The experimental study of the immunomodulating action of Semax and Selank on the model of „social” stress

    Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, М. А. Самотруева, Nikolai F. Myasoedov et al. · European Pharmaceutical Journal · 2022

    Open access · CC BY-NC-ND1 citationsRead the open copy →

  27. The influence of glyprolins on the behavior of laboratory animals under experimental hyperthyroidism

    Mariyam U. Sergalieva, А. А. Цибизова, Elvira I. Abdulkadyrova et al. · Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy · 2021

    Open access · CC BY-NC-ND2 citationsRead the open copy →

  28. EFFECT OF GLYPROLINES ON THE LEVEL OF APOPTOTIC AND NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS UNDER CONDITIONS OF “SOCIAL” STRESS

    Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, А. А. Цибизова, Л. А. Андреева et al. · Pharmacy & Pharmacology · 2021

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  29. Effect of glyprolines on serum caspase levels under “social” stress

    Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, А. А. Цибизова, Л. А. Андреева et al. · Человек и его здоровье · 2021

    Open access · CC BY1 citationsRead the open copy →

  30. Sedative‐Hypnotic Agents That Impact Gamma‐Aminobutyric Acid Receptors: Focus on Flunitrazepam, Gamma‐Hydroxybutyric Acid, Phenibut, and Selank

    Cassandra R. Doyno, Charles Michael White · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2021

    Study in humansOpen access24 citationsRead the open copy →

  31. Drugs of Abuse: How Clinical Pharmacology Brings Clarity to the Shadows

    Anne N. Nafziger, Charles Michael White · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · 2021

    Study in humansOpen access2 citationsRead the open copy →

  32. EFFECT OF GLYPROLINES ON THE LEVEL OF NERVE GROWTH FACTOR UNDER CONDITIONS OF "SOCIAL" STRESS

    A. L Yasenyavskay, A. Tsibizova, Л. А. Андреева et al. · Journal of Volgograd State Medical University · 2021

    Open access · CC BY2 citationsRead the open copy →

  33. Heptapeptide Analogue of Tuftsin Prevents the Increase in the Content of Inhibitory Amino Acids in the Brain When Modeling Alcohol Withdrawal in Rats

    Л. Г. Колик, Анна Владимировна Надорова, В. Г. Коньков et al. · Neurochemical Journal · 2021

    1 citations

  34. Atopic dermatitis: advancement and problems in understanding the essence of the disease and its treatment

    Наталья Александровна Воронькова, Elena V. Dontsova, Л.А. Новикова et al. · Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) · 2021

    Open access · CC BY2 citationsRead the open copy →

  35. Effect of combined phototherapy and regulatory polypeptide selank on cytokine blood profile of patients with atopic dermatitis

    Elena V. Dontsova, Lyudmila A. Novikova, Лариса Николаевна Борзунова et al. · Medical alphabet · 2020

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  36. EFFECTS OF GLYPROLINES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF RATSIN THE PORSOLTTEST AND EXPERIMENTALLYINDUCED SOCIALS

    М. А. Самотруева, Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, А. А. Цибизова et al. · Archiv Euromedica · 2020

    Open access1 citationsRead the open copy →

  37. Effects of neuropeptides on behavior of rats in open field test and experimentally induced social stress

    Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, М. А. Самотруева, А. А. Цибизова et al. · Archiv Euromedica · 2020

    Open access7 citationsRead the open copy →

  38. Treatment of hepatitis induced by anti-tuberculosis drugs (experimental research)

    В. Н. Федоров, Nikolay A. Smirnov, В. П. Вдовиченко et al. · Research Results in Pharmacology · 2020

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

  39. Influence of neuropeptides on psychoemotional state under conditions of “social” stress

    Anna L. Yasenyavskaya, М. А. Самотруева, А. А. Цибизова et al. · Человек и его здоровье · 2020

    Open access · CC BY3 citationsRead the open copy →

  40. Possibilities of cognitive-affective disorders correction in patients with atopic dermatitis using selanc regulatory peptide

    Larisa Sergeevna Kruglova, L. A. Novikova, Elena V. Dontsova et al. · Человек и его здоровье · 2020

    Open access · CC BYRead the open copy →

Each list shows up to 40 papers.See all 122 on OpenAlex. Source: OpenAlex (CC0), journal articles and reviews with a DOI, retractions excluded, refreshed weekly, last 4 Nov 2026, 08:26 UTC. Papers are listed by their metadata only; follow the links to read them. A license shown on an open copy is the license the publisher or repository states for that copy.